Hostile Essay

Antagonistic take overs are the point at which one organization endeavors to assume control over an organization that doesn’t wished to be assumed control over, this is normally done by either the getting organization endeavoring to purchase out partners or impact the administration, or change, to get the arrangement endorsed. This can cause numerous issues for the business, for example, differentiating societies in the business which could prompt an ineffective business with various objectives and the two organizations could be going in inverse ways. Likewise by securing the business along these lines there could be expected issues in the structure of the business, for example, when Vodafone took over numerous organizations and couldn’t effectively coordinate the organizations into one strong structure. At the point when Kraft chose to take over Cadburys by securing over 75% of the offers, by which in UK law empowers them to delist the offers off the Stock market. This was broadly dismissed by representatives who needed to stay under the name of Cadburys as they felt that they could lose their positions, this was appeared to take this course in 2011 when they shut the first plant despite the fact that they had said they weren’t to do this. They were additionally found to break numerous guarantees that they had made before the arrangement was concluded, anyway because of the size and accomplishment of the two organizations they figured out how to have proceeded with progress after the takeover. Anyway a Hostile takeover is probably not going to be effective on account of console individuals might be stressed over their position should the organization be gained, they utilize various techniques to forestall the takeover. This is surely one key explanation that takeovers are probably going to come up short; one technique they use is the Poison pill. This is the point at which the top managerial staff sell more offers should one gathering gain an excessive number of offers, consequently downgrading the offers purchased by the organization attempting to assume control over the over organization. This was the situation when Carl Icahn endeavored to take over Netflix however the governing body felt that this wasn’t for them and expressed that should he purchase over 10% of stock they would skim increasingly stock to the market, he right now possesses 9. 75%. This would then reason the takeover offer to be significantly more costly for the gathering endeavoring to do as such and would ideally put them off attempting to deal with the organization. Another strategy utilized by organizations to forestall antagonistic takeover is the Golden Parachute, this is when should the CEO lose his employment because of takeover, there would need to be a huge compensation out, once in a while a huge number of pounds, ideally to hinder an unfriendly takeover, this was the situation in the arrangement of Charles C. Tillinghast Jr. to TWA. To close I imagine that somewhat it’s genuine that threatening takeovers are forestalled by key partners as they can decide on issues that can forestall the takeover, for example, the board individuals, they can pick individuals who are probably going to decline any takeover, despite the fact that should a worthwhile arrangement be offered they affect the takeover. Anyway I believe that the top managerial staff can, despite the fact that not generally, have substantially more impact on the expected unfriendly takeover, for instance using a toxin pill it can adequately build its organizations worth by offering shares at a lower cost and expanding the expense for the securing organization.

Conflict Is an Ever-Present and Ongoing Aspect of Peoples Lives Essay Example for Free

Struggle Is an Ever-Present and Ongoing Aspect of Peoples Lives Essay Struggle is an ever-present and continuous part of people groups lives Conflict is an inescapable piece of life paying little heed to time and spot. It has been in our lives since the time the beginning of our family line, where they battle for endurance against nature. Struggle can be as basic as the inward clash of picking what we need to have for lunch, It can likewise be at a huge scope like a worldwide war. Without the hardship we and experience we gain from it as an individual, life would be without a doubt exhausting and plain. People wouldnt have the option to gain directly from off-base, neither would they experience various circumstances and figure out how to defeat it. Strife is a crucial factor of life, it is in books, at work, at school, on the web and even on the news. Consistently we are confronted with in any event one kind of contention, or possibly witness one. Thusly strife is unavoidable and consistently present in our ways as we develop from a hatchling to the day we die. Heroes from our preferred books experience various hardships as their excursion is spilled out onto the pages for us to peruse and picture their life. In the renowned novel entitled The Rugmaker Of Mazar-E-Sharif composed by Najaf Mazari and Robert Hillman, shows the life of Najaf and how he experiences change various kinds of contention. The moving occasion of the loss of his dad to war, everlastingly damages Najaf. We as youngsters are first acquainted with our moms and fathers, making them be the nearest individuals we would have in our lives when we are first sent to kindergarten we cry and cry because of the missing warmth and adoring handle of our moms and fathers. Presently this is just for a day, envision not seeing one of your loved ones most for an incredible remainder. That is the agony and loathsomeness Najaf experiences as he loses his dad. That doesnt prevent Najaf from remaining on his feet to take care of his family. until he faces the inward fight to choose if he ought to escape to Australia or remain back. Exhibiting that we face hardship in a steady progression. Making an interminable cycle. All the pre-referenced occasions was brought about by one of the universes most noteworthy clash of various convictions, war. The continuous war has caused all the destruction for Najaf, compelling him to escape his country. This upgrades the factor of contention being ubiquitous and the continuous key piece of any people life. Crushing occasions can happen whenever of our lives. A case of this is the Victorian bushfires. Where you could be out with your family getting a charge out of the sweltering climate, and out of nowhere a monster burst of fire is gotten by the breeze and encompasses you in issues of seconds. You are caught and keeping in mind that blinded by the smoke you hear your family shouting and whelping under the boisterous snapping of bark and the characterizing burst. Before long you also are devoured by the mammoth blast of fire. It was unavoidable, you were unconscious of the occasion. Making misery and agony inside others. Demonstrating that one hardship prompts another. Making struggle an unending cycle inside our lives. The families who have lost individuals to the frightening Victorian bushfires has endured an unendurable and inconceivable misfortune. The passing of a friend or family member, Like Najaf and numerous others in our general public. The one occasion will keep on frequenting the lamenting people and families. They will recollect the ones they lost, they will continue replaying the recollections with them and esteem what they have deserted. This is the thing that contention in some cases does to us. Furthermore, it will keep on skipping around our lives simply like the celebrated line Justin Timberlake utilizes in one of his well known tunes. what comes around, circumvents which carries me to the following point. In continuum, Internal clash is one of the primary parts of hardship we face as people. Our diverse accepts covered with different convictions from the individuals we some of the time call menaces. Since early on we can be presented to tormenting. May it be outside on the oval, the play area or even inside. it is as yet something we face. t can go from verbally abusing to truly harming somebody. As people we like to have power yet some of them take it to an unheard of level. where they will affront and hurt the individuals littler or more vulnerable only for their fulfillment of intensity. This at that point causes discouraging musings inside people, or even the endeavor of self destruction. Discouraging contemplations are brought about by harassing or an overwhelming occasion which at last lead to the judgment of one self. At the point when somebody thinks I am sufficiently bad or everybody loathes me yes it was most likely brought about by tormenting however it had kept on frequenting them to make inward clash. This is an extraordinary degree of inside clash. Another pre-referenced case of inward clash is as straightforward as picking what we need for lunch. Truly it might sound dumb however we do have a small cerebrum war about what we need for lunch. eventually demonstrating that hardships are perpetually in our lives and will keep on remaining in our lives. As people we face strife any place we go. It is in books, at work, at school, on the web and even on the news. At last importance it is a ubiquitous and a major piece of any people life. As such, clash is an ever-present and progressing part of people groups lives Najaf encounters the equivalent shocking torment of losing a friend or family member as the families from the Victorian bramble fires. Simultaneously they all face inward clash simply like a person that has encountered harassing, or a youngster considering what to purchase for lunch from the school flask yet to a more noteworthy level. Struggle is unavoidable. It is everlastingly in our lives and will keep on forming us as people until we die.

Hello, Layover

Hello, Layover To take a leaf out of Sams book: DID YOU KNOW? Charlotte/Douglas International Airport has a scale model of the Wright Brothers plane hanging from the ceiling of its main terminal. At least, I think thats what it is. I know this because I have been sitting beneath said scale model for the last six hours, and have another eight to go. But this isnt about my disastrous experience with Americas worst airline carrier. (I considered liveblogging it pictures of a near-empty terminal and all but that just seemed like gross misuse of the Internet.) This is about how Im entertaining myself rather, how youre helping entertain me during my night in an airport in a totally unfamiliar city. Ask me questions. If you dont have questions, then just tell me about your day (Well, first I woke up, then I had a piece of toast). I have a camera and am willing to take pictures of baggage claim, if youre into that kind of thing. I am armed with a large black coffee and Becks Modern Guilt. (THIS ALBUM IS SO GOOD. DO NOT CHALLENGE MY WORD.) I just ate a sandwich and a salad, and Im rarin to go. (Have you ever noticed how sometimes the baristas at Starbucks look at you like youre a blithering idiot when you ask for a small instead of a tall? SMALL IS A RELATIVE TERM, mmmk?) Let this possibly-doomed-from-the-start experiment begin. Edit: For 11: Any time I am bewildered by the OMG PLANES mentality of most everyone in Course 16, I remember that I am hardcore Course 9 and scare people when I go OMG BRAINS. This gives me perspective o plenty, similar to watching Speed 2: Cruise Control any time I think movies today have gotten really bad. I did this during my desk shift last Sunday. Oh, perspective.

Looking Back at Rodney King and the L.A. Riots

Rodney King became a household name after images surfaced of him taking a life-threatening beating by four white police officers from the Los Angeles police department in 1992. After the four police officers were acquitted by a jury,  a violent uprising  broke out in Los Angeles, lasting over five days, and leaving more than 50 people dead and thousands injured. A Brutal beating On March 3, 1991, 25-year-old Rodney King was leaving an event by car with his friends when a police car on his tail motivated him to attempt to flee at 100 miles per hour. According to Kings account, he kept driving instead of pulling over because he was violating the terms of his parole—from a prior robbery—by drinking and he wanted to avoid trouble with the police. Instead, he kept driving and triggered a high-speed chase that ended when he pulled over. As King stepped out of the vehicle with his hands up police instructed him to get on the ground and they began beating him with their batons. Between four officers, King was struck at least 50 times and received at least 11 fractures. Nearly beaten to death, King was rushed to the nearest hospital where doctors operated on him for five hours.  Ã‚   Thankfully for King, a bystander named George Holiday had been overlooking the balcony during the brutal beating and recorded  the incident. The next day, Holiday took the footage to the local television station. The outrage and backlash from the officers actions was so significant that Rodney King was released from the hospital four days later  with no official charges filed against him. Conviction On March 15, 1991, Sergeant Stacey Koon and officers Laurence Michael Powell, Timothy Wind, and Theodore Briseno were indicted by a Los Angeles grand jury in connection with the beating. A little more than two months later, the grand jury decided not to indict the 17 officers who were there at the time of King’s beating but did nothing. The four officers accused of beating King were acquitted on April 29,1992. A violent uprising  began in South Central Los Angeles. An truck driver, uninvolved in King’s case, was beaten and the footage was caught on videotape by a passing helicopter. The mayor declared a state of emergency and the governor made a request for the National Guard to assist law enforcement officials. During that time 1,100 Marines, 600 Army soldiers, and 6,500 National Guard troops patrolled the streets of Los Angeles. Heartbroken and feeling responsible for the surrounding chaos, Rodney King, fighting back tears, made a public statement and recited the following famous lines: People, I just want to say, can we all get along?† on May 1, 1992. Small Victories The nation waited in fear of future riots as the trial for the four officers began. Less than two months later, two of the officers—Koon and Powell—were found guilty by a federal jury for having violated King’s civil rights. According to  news  reports, â€Å"U.S. District Court Judge John Davies sentences both Sergeant Stacey Koon and Officer Laurence Powell to 30 months in prison for violating Kings civil rights. Powell is found guilty of violating Kings constitutional right to be free from an arrest made with ‘unreasonable force.’ Ranking officer Koon is convicted of permitting the civil rights violation to occur.† Sadly for King, struggles with alcoholism and drug use led to further negative interactions with the law. In 2004,  was arrested after a domestic dispute and later plead guilty to driving under the influence. In  2007  he was found drunk with non-threatening gunshot wounds. In recent years, Rodney King has given several personal interviews including with CNN and Oprah.  On June 18, 2012, his fiancee Cynthia Kelley, a juror in his trial many years prior, found him at the bottom of his swimming pool. He was pronounced  dead  at the hospital. A Catalyst for Change Rodney Kings horrific experience with the Los Angeles Police Department was horrific helped to illuminate some of the myriad problems with police brutality. Images of the beating and the uprising  that followed live on in infamy as a symbol of the troubled relationship between police and the Black community.

Jomon Culture Hunter Gatherers of Japan

Jomon is the name of the early Holocene period hunter-gatherers of Japan, beginning about 14,000 B.C.E. and ending about 1000 B.C.E. in southwestern Japan and 500 C.E. in northeastern Japan. The Jomon made stone and bone tools, and pottery beginning at a few sites as early as 15,500 years ago. The word Jomon means cord pattern, and it refers to the cord-marked impressions seen on Jomon pottery. Jomon Chronology Incipient Jomon (14,000–8000 B.C.E.) (Fukui Cave, Odai Yamamoto I)Initial Jomon (8000–4800 B.C.E.) (Natsushima)Early Jomon (ca 4800–3000 B.C.E.) (Hamanasuno, Tochibara Rockshelter, Sannai Maruyama, Torihama Shell Mound)Middle Jomon (ca 3000–2000 B.C.E.) (Sannai Maruyama, Usujiri)Late Jomon (ca. 2000–1000 B.C.E.) (Hamanaka 2)Final (1000–100 B.C.E.) (Kamegaoka)Epi-Jomon (100 B.C.E.–500 C.E.) (Sapporo Eki Kita-Guchi) The Early and Middle Jomon lived in hamlets or villages of semi-subterranean pit houses, excavated up to about one meter into the earth. By the late Jomon period and perhaps as a response to climate change and a lowering of sea levels, the Jomon moved into fewer villages sited mainly on the coastlines and there relied increasingly on river and ocean fishing, and shellfish. The Jomon diet was based on a mixed economy of hunting, gathering, and fishing, with some evidence for gardens with millet, and possibly gourd, buckwheat, and azuki bean. Jomon Pottery The earliest pottery forms of the Jomon were low-fired, round and pointed-based forms, created during the Initial Period. Flat-based pottery characterized the Early Jomon period. Cylindrical pots are characteristic of northeastern Japan, and similar styles are known from mainland China, which may or may not suggest direct contact. By the Middle Jomon period, a variety of jars, bowls, and other vessels were in use. The Jomon has been the focus of much debate concerning the invention of pottery. Scholars today debate whether pottery was a local invention or diffused from the mainland; by 12,000 B.C.E. low-fired pottery was in use throughout East Asia. Fukui Cave has radiocarbon dates ca. 15,800–14,200 calibrated years BP on associated charcoal, but Xianrendong Cave in mainland China so far holds the oldest pottery vessels discovered on the planet, by perhaps a thousand years or so. Other sites such as Odai Yamomoto in Aomori prefecture have been found to date the same period as Fukui Cave, or somewhat older. Jomon Burials and Earthworks Jomon earthworks are noted by end of the Late Jomon period, consisting of stone circles around cemetery plots, such as at Ohyo. Circular spaces with earthen walls up to several meters high and up to 10 meters (30.5 feet) thick at the base were built at several sites such as Chitose. These burials were often layered with red ochre and were accompanied by polished stone staffs which may represent rank. By the Late Jomon period, evidence for ritual activities is noted at sites by elaborate grave goods such as masks with goggle eyes and anthropomorphic figurines accompanying burials placed in ceramic pots. By the Final period, farming of barley, wheat, millet, and hemp developed, and the Jomon lifestyle diminished all over the region by 500 C.E. Scholars debate whether the Jomon were related to the modern Ainu hunter-gatherers of Japan. Genetic studies suggest that they are likely biologically related to the Jomon, but the Jomon culture is not expressed within modern Ainu practices. The known archaeological correlate of the Ainu is called the Satsumon culture, who is believed to have displaced the epi-Jomon about 500 C.E.; Satsumon may be a descendant of the Jomon rather than a replacement. Important Sites Sannai Maruyama, Fukui Cave, Usujiri, Chitose, Ohyu, Kamegaoka, Natsushima, Hamanasuno, Ocharasenai. Sources Craig OE, Saul H, Lucquin A, Nishida Y, Tache K, Clarke L, Thompson AH, Altoft DT, Uchiyama J, Ajimoto M et al. 2013. Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature 496(7445):351-354.Crawford GW. 2011. Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S331-S345.Crema ER, and Nishino M. 2012. Spatio-temporal distributions of Middle to Late Jomon pithouses in Oyumino, Chiba (Japan). Journal of Open Archaeology Data 1(2).Ikeya N. 2017. Group migration and cultural change following the Akahoya volcanic ashfall: Identifying the pottery production centers at the beginning of the Early Jomon period of Japan. Quaternary International 442(Part B):23-32.Moriya T. 2015. A Study of the Utilization of Wood to Build Pit Dwellings from the Epi-Jomon Culture to the Satsumon Culture in Hokkaido Region, Japan. Journal of the Graduate School of Letters 10:71-85.Nakazawa Y. 2016. The significance of obsidian hydration dating in assessing the integrity of Holocene midden , Hokkaido, northern Japan. Quaternary International 397:474-483.

A PR plan for ageless Free Essays

The plastic industry has been growing over the years and has gained much popularity especially in the cosmetic surgery where the consumers, for example can undergo to have a tummy tuck, especially after giving birth.   This has been tremendous increase on the demand for plastic surgery especially among the female sex. In the beginning or earlier onset of this practice, most people viewed plastic surgery only meant for people who have been burnt, born with birth defects, accidents trauma and hence the introduction of cosmetic surgery took a lot of time to convince the potential consumers that its for enhancement or repair of their physical body outlook. We will write a custom essay sample on A PR plan for ageless or any similar topic only for you Order Now More and more people have embraced the whole cosmetic surgery concept especially after the introduction and screening of reality shows, for example.   Extreme makeover, the Swan etc. this reality shows, has been an eye opener to the views (who are the potential clients) that it is safe and the physical results are amazing to the client/participants of the show. In the US this industry has been becoming and other countries are following and practicing the cosmetic surgery especially in the Latin, Asian countries.   This industry has generated a lot of revenue fro the US and hence the other countries are following and what to introduce and encourage growth in the industry. The Ageless organization plans to expand their market globally and one to the country that it has chosen is; Mexico MEXICO This is a large country that borders the US to the north and has a large population of over 100milion people.   The plastic surgery industry is not new to the country, because many of the locals have undergone some slight surgical procedures. For example breasts enhancement, reshaping of the nose etc. This country is perfect for our organization because of the demand of reputable and professional plastic surgeons.   This is due to the increase of unscrupulous people who refer themselves as plastic surgeons for the sake of making money from their patients while not doing the surgery we.   There has been an increase in cases, where some consumers have undergone a cosmetic surgery. For example tummy tucks and have ended-up with more surgical complications e.g. incomplete tummy tucks due to infection. The public relations will focus in communicating the positive side of cosmetic surgery, for example most people assume that this industry is only meant for the rich, celebrities e.g. musicians, actress but this is not true.   The ageless will offer cosmetic surgery at affordable prices for its consumers compared to the other practitioners, hence anyone seeking for the service can be able to afford it. The cosmetic surgery helps people to fix any birth defects or abnormalities that the potential   consumer is uncomfortable with e.g. reshaping of the nose, face lift which will be preformed incase where there is premature formation of wrinkles due to financial stress, effects of facial creams etc. The public realtions has decided to focus their main attention of communication to the female gender.   This is because this the largest and willing consumer who opt for cosmetic surgery to fix their physical problems.   The communication strategies will mainly focus on women who have already given birth.    After careful analysis, it was found out women who have given birth seek for affordable cosmetic surgery to help them fix some of the aftermath physique problems for example decrease of stretch marks by use of raiser dermatology technique removal of excess skin especially at the abdominal area etc. Most of the market segments i.e. the women; it has been observed that immediately after giving birth, they gain baby fat of which after vigorous exercise plan they are able to shed-off the baby fat still resulting to loose skin, the breasts drooping and this shatters their self-esteem. The breasts drooping and this shatters their self-esteem. The women don’t feel beautiful or sexy for their husbands.   This outcome has resulted to many marriages been affected since there is no sexual intimacy.   The women feel that they can no longer wear bathing suits e.g. bikinis or small tops because of the physical outlook. The cosmetic surgery will help the women get back their youthful body through for example tummy tucks (where the excess skin is removed, breast enlargement by adding of breast implants) and the groove back in the marital bed. Strategies for communication The PR will engage the use model hierarchy –of- effects for the communication and creation of publicity to the targeted consumers.   In this model, the buyers purchase decision is proceeded by steps such as convictions about the service benefits through various means for example testimonials from women who have   undergone cosmetic surgery to fix problems   that resulted form pregnancy. The preference for the brand i.e. ageless brand, liking and been the preferred choice brand. Knowledge relating to the to the benefits and features of the service after an awareness of the service has been gained through the use of classified advertisements, publicity etc. The basic model implication of this model is that function of persuasive communication should be handled deftly at every stage of the consumers adoption process.   In this model it will embrace some of the tools that will be used in the launching of the company and the service that it will offer.    How to cite A PR plan for ageless, Papers

Management Information Technology Project -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management Information Technology Project? Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to critically analyze communication in business. Business communication is important in delivering quality products and services in any business setup. Therefore, this paper aims at determining what need to be identified in business communication within a company so as to deliver quality products and services. Business communication need to be effective and efficient so as to propel progress within business setup. This information is based on principles of effective communication. These principles will be analyzed from three perspectives That is, communication examples, communication research and communication methodologies (Ballantyne, 2007). A business message need to be effective and efficient so as to encode and decode the most appropriate feedbacks required in a particular communication channel. The type of business message depend highly on sources of business communication. In this report, we consider two sources of business communication so as to demonstrate appropriate way of delivering business message. We also consider inappropriate or poor ways of delivering business message. Report overview There are two sources of business communication that will be considered in this report. These sources are applied to determine whether the business message under consideration was well presented or poorly presented. Properly presented business message affect business positively while poorly presented business message affect the business negatively. In this case, we can select a certain business that require business communication in order to effectively undertake duties and responsibilities. Let us consider a business that import and export industrial products at global level. This kind of business require appropriate business communication strategies so as to enhance effective business messaging. For instance, if the business deals with importation and exportation of highly delicate and perishable products, then a distinct business communication platform must be applied. It is important to understand business communication and sources of business communication. Typically, business communication is defined as the network or connection of data and information that incorporate both insiders and outsiders in order to solve and mitigate challenges of business organization (Ballantyne, 2007). There are certain rules and norms that regulate business communication. Initially, business communication was limited to paperwork and telephone calls. However, through advancement in technology, there are various innovations such as satellite communication, video conferencing, emails and cell phones used to support business communication. Business communication is an interpersonal goal oriented process that can be defined typically as problem-solving activity. In this report, the two main sources of business communication to be considered are internal information and external information. Internal information is a source of business communication created by the opera tion of an organization. This information include purchases, sales, orders and business transactions in inventory system. Again, accounting records are the prime source of internal information (Ballantyne, 2007). On the other hand, external information as a source of business communication is obtained from outside the business operations. These sources include print information, online information and television along with radio media information. For this report, we consider accounting records as a source of business communication from internal information and email as a source of business communication from external information. Discussion and analysis of findings Business communication that can be applied in this particular scenario include internal information and external information. In this case, there are areas where communication applied lead to appropriate progress while other communication lead to inappropriate progress. In simple terms, we can assert a good communication process and a poor communication process. If we consider accounting records as part of internal information, we realize that proper recording of accounting records provide accuracy in data. This is a good communication process. This communication message is of great importance since stakeholders in the organization can assess credibility of information under consideration. Thus, business communication process selected for business operation is excellent so as to keep track of what take place in the scope of business operations within and outside the company (Baily, Farmer Crocker, 2015). On the other hand, there is a business communication source from external infor mation that can be considered as poor in this report. Email is part of business communication from external information. Due to technological advancement, emails are used as a source of business communication so as to communicate a message to clients. As far as this report is concerned, this is a poor business communication process due to some factors. First, emailing depend on network connectivity. Without sustainable network, individuals in a business will not be in a position to decode and encode messages. Again, emails may result to delays in business communication. As mentioned earlier, emailing was initiated via technological innovation, thus, cases of cybercrimes are highly rampant where business information is diverted by criminals (Schwalbe, 2015). This brings huge losses to companies undertaking business activities. Spam messages are also associated to emailing as a source of business communication. Communication research The main forms of communication applied in this report are drawn from internal information and external information. From internal information, the type of communication applied was accounting records. These records communicate to all stakeholders on matters concerning sales, purchases, orders and inventories of data in the business. This type of communication assist stakeholders to assess credibility of data revolving a business. The company can forecast future trends of a business. It is classified as one of effective type of communication applied in a business (Kotler, 2011). The other type of communication applied in this report was email. This type of communication is drawn from external information as a source of business communication. This communication requires creation of accounts by both the sender and receiver of a massage. This communication process require use of network connectivity so as to decode and encode messages sent via email. Email addresses are created by indi viduals who will later communicate. Business operations are currently run via passing messages via email. However, this process is affected by several factors such as lack of reliable network connectivity and hacking by cyber criminals. In this report, we consider email as a poor communication process as compared to accounting records that tend to be efficient. Communication methodologies It is very important to identify and determine the nature of information and communication being delivered. For the case of accounting records obtained from internal information source of business communication, the company make a lot of positive changes based on this information. There are several details that can be drawn from accounting records. These include sales made in a given point in time as well as forecast of sales anticipated to be sold in the future (Hubbard, 2016). This assist the business in planning future progress. Again, purchases made are also indicated in accounting records. Orders made are also part of accounting information. Lists of inventories concerning business activities are also indicated in this communication process. It is therefore clear that this communication process is effective and reliable. Using this communication process results to a wider range of benefits. On the other hand, email as a communication process deliver variety of messages based on the motive of the sender and receiver. These messages can be business oriented or otherwise. The only undesirable limitation of this process is lack of data accuracy and credibility. Data is prone to manipulation by third party without authorization (Franco, 2015). Communication performed better in accounting records because the information required is recorded accurately. Communication did not work in email due to lack of network connectivity and cyber-attacks by criminals who manipulated messages. Diversion of communication messages compromised business communication process. Report analysis Accounting records facilitated business operations by providing details on sales, purchases, orders and data on inventory. Factors that facilitated effectiveness of this process included simplicity of data, completeness of data, clarity of communication messages, correctness of information as well as attractiveness (Dow Taylor, 2015). On the other hand, email did not deliver quality services in business communication due to factors such as lack of adequate network connectivity, manipulation of data through unauthorized access as well as diversion of messages which compromised the position of the company. References Baily, P., Farmer, D., Crocker, B. (2015). Procurement, Principle Management. Pearson publishers. Ballantyne, T. (2007). Capacity. Spectra. Dow, W., Taylor, B. (2015). Project Management Communication Tool. William Dow. Franco, S.A. (2015). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill Education. Hubbard, G.R. (2016). Microeconomics. Pearson. Jonasson, H. (2012). Determining Project Requirement. Averbach publication. Kotler, P. (2011). Framework for Marketing Management. Pearson. Schwalbe, k. (2015). Information Technology Project Management. Course Technology.

The soldier in Ernest Hemingway s Soldier s Home h Essays

The soldier in Ernest Hemingway s Soldier s Home has finally returned home afterstaying in Europe after the war. He looked at many things around the town differently since hisreturn, especially the girls. The American girls Harold Krebs observes from the porch symbolizeshow he sees American society since his return and the foreign girls symbolize the society of theEuropean countries he just returned from.Harold Krebs was sent to Europe during the war. On the whole he had liked Germanybetter. He did not want to leave Germany (Hemingway 72). This is demonstrated through hisadmiration from far and dislike from near of American girls. The girls the soldier knew before hejoined the army were grown up when he returned from Europe. The people from the Europeancountries accepted him and made him feel at home. He fit in with the girls in Germany andFrance. There was not all this talking. You couldn t talk much and you did not need to talk. Itwas simple and you were friends (Hemingway 72). Bei ng in the army he was accepted by thepeople in Europe even though there was a speech barrier. He thought the overall appearance ofAmerica was better than the European countries but he enjoyed his stay in those countries better. He liked the look of them (American girls) much better than the French girls or the German girls. But the world they were in was not the world he was in (Hemingway 72). He thinks theAmerican girls are good looking and he liked to look at them from the front porch as theywalked on the other side of the street (Hemingway 71). The one thing he admired about theirappearance repeatedly was their Dutch collars. He was probably familiar and comfortable withthese from his time in Europe. When he saw the girls in town he did not like them. They weretoo complicated (Hemingway 71). Similarly, he liked the way America appeared when he wasaway from it and he noticed and admired the European influences. He was proud to be fromAmerica. But, he did not like America when he r eturned home. Things were too complicated. He had to change himself to fit in and even lie to make his stories interesting to the people. Heclaims He would have liked to have a girl... ...He did not want to have to do any courting (Hemingway 71). In the same way, he wanted to fit in with the people in his hometown but aslong as he did not have to put effort into it. He did not want to tell anymore lies (Hemingway71). Hemingway demonstrates the soldiers complications interacting with American societythrough Harold s discussions with his mother and sister. Both women are ideal Americanwomen: the mother was at home and cooked the meals and the younger daughter looked up toher older brother. His mother is the one who pressures Harold to settle down and do somethingwith his life just as society encourages boys, when they come back from war, to forget whathappened and live a normal life. The other woman in his life, his sister, needs total reassurancethroughout their conversation: Couldn t your brother really be your beau just because he s yourbrother? ... Sure you know. Couldn t you be my beau, Hare, if I was old enough and if youwanted to? ... Am I really your girl? ... Do you love me? ... Will you love me always? (Hemingway 74). As with the American girls, everyone Harold has talked to after the war has askedquestions but each answer was not good enough. The Europeans did not ask questions. Insteadthey accepted Harold for who he was, not for the exciting stories he could tell them.

The eNotes Blog National Book Critics Circle FinalistsAnnounced

National Book Critics Circle FinalistsAnnounced Its award season, not just for movies, but for books as well. Yesterday, the National Book Critics Circle announced its finalists for the 2012 publishing year.   Since 1976, the   National Book Critics Circle has given the award in order to promote the  finest books and reviews published in English.   The American organization has selected thirty books eligible for a total of six prizes.   Those six categories are  autobiography, biography, criticism, fiction, non-fiction, and poetry. Two of the titles in contention have already received much critical and popular acclaim, Katherine Boos   Behind the Beautiful Forevers: Life, Death, and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity.   and Billy Lynns Long Halftime Walk  Ã‚  by Ben Fountain Other Fiction Finalists: Laurent Binet’s  HHhH, about the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich Zadie Smith’s London-set  NW Adam Johnson’s  The Orphan Master’s Son, a frightening look into  Kim Jong Il’s North Korea. (Both Fountain’s  Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk and  Ã‚  Binet’s  HHhH  are first novels.) Biographies Robert A. Caro’s  The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson   Tom Reiss’s  The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo  , about General Dumas, father of the famous novelist Lisa Cohen’s  All We Know: Three Lives   about early 20th-century trend setters Esther Murphy, Mercedes de Acosta and Madge Garland Lisa Jarnot’s  Robert Duncan,  The Ambassador from Venus: A Biography Autobiography My Poets  by  Maureen N. McLane Swimming Studies by  Leanne Shapton The Distance Between Us  by  Reyna Grande In the House of the Interpreter  by  NgÃ… ©gÄ © wa Thiong’o House of Stone: A Memoir of Home, Family, and a Lost Middle East  by  Anthony Shadid Poetry   Bewilderment: New Poems and Translations  by  David Ferry Useless Landscape, or A Guide for Boys  by  D. A. Powell Olives: Poems (Triquarterly)  by A.E. Stallings Non-fiction Far From the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity  by Andrew Solomon Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic  by  David Quammen For a complete list of finalists, click here. The winners will be announced on  Thursday, February 28, 2013 at 6:00 p.m.

SWOT Analysis as a Strategic Management Tool Essay

SWOT Analysis as a Strategic Management Tool - Essay Example The next section will tackle SWOT analysis' advantages and limitations. The paper will conclude with its findings. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis is one of the most widely utilized strategic management tools in assessing the position of a business entity. This analysis is an integration of the results of other tools like the PESTEL analysis, industry analysis, and internal analysis. The company's strengths and weaknesses are derived from internal analysis while the PESTEL and industry analyses provide the required information to ascertain the opportunities and threats specific to the company. According to Thomson (2004), a company's strength is "something a company is good at doing or a characteristic that gives it enhanced competitiveness." A strength can take several forms like a skill or important expertise, valuable physical assets valuable human assets, valuable intangible assets, competitive capabilities, an achievement or attribute that puts the company in a position of market advantage, and alliances or cooperative ventures. Meanwhile, a weakness denotes to a something that a company lacks or is not good at doing relative to its competitors and puts the company in a disadvantage. ... tity: "deficiencies in competitively important skills or expertise or intellectual capital of one kind or another; lack of competitively important physical, organizational or intangible assets; and missing or weak competitive capabilities in key areas" (Thomson 2002). Opportunities are essential external factors, which can propel the business entity into higher profitability. However, distinction should be made in order to determine whether an opportunity is an industry or company opportunity. While company opportunity is an opportunity specific to a business institution, industry opportunity needs to be thoroughly evaluated in order to assess if a company has the required resources to take advantage of the opportunity. Threats are external factors which causes threats to a business entity's profitability and competitive well-being. An Application The following table shows the SWOT analysis as applied to the large computer manufacturer Dell, Inc. Strengths Weaknesses large market share strong brand equity no inventory buildup cost efficiency direct to customer business model customization total command of supply chain strategic alliance with suppliers no proprietary technology high dependence on component suppliers Opportunities Threats strong potential markets in Europe, China , and India low costs and advanced technology growth in business, education, and government markets more intense rivalry currency fluctuations high customer bargaining power SWOT Analysis: A Critique SWOT analysis is indeed a useful tool in determining the internal capability and incapability and the external forces that affects the operation and profitability of a business organization. As shown above, SWOT analysis is very useful in assessing the strengths and weaknesses of Dell,

Short answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short answer questions - Assignment Example As more red blood cells pass through the tissue, warmth (calor) sets in. Increase in vascular permeability results in fluid to shifting into the connective tissue that causes edema. Vasodilation and thickening of blood encourages leucocytes to stick to blood vessels. Margi nation occurs and leucocytes crawl between the endothelial cells and enter the inflamed tissues. Phagocytosis occurs, microbes are engulfed and destroyed by white blood cells and lastly tissue repair begins (Lydyard & Whelan, 2011).An example when a malaria protozoan enters the body through mosquito bite, the body’s immune becomes active, there is increase in white blood cell circulation. An individual presents with pain and fever. Edema might set in later phase. Inflammation can be classified according to exudate, period, site, and etiology. Based on exudate, inflammations result in fluid accumulation in the tissues. These inflammations can be suppurative inflammation where pus forms resulting into a skin abscess, serous where thin watery exudate forms. An example is blister. In etiology, inflammation can be either aseptic or septic. Aseptic are chemical substance radiations while septic are living organisms that result into inflammation. Based on location, inflammation occurs in different regions of the body depending on the causative agent, for example, tuberculosis causes inflammation of the lungs. Duration depends on the type of hypersensitivity (Lydyard & Whelan, 2011). Type I like insect bites take shorter period to manifest than Type IV where graft transplanting takes 3 days to manifest. The immune system provides three lines of defenses. The first line of defense is made up of nonspecific barriers. This includes chemical and physical barriers that prevent foreign agents from penetrating the outer layer of the body. These barriers are the skin, the mucous membrane, hair, tears, sweat saliva, gastric secretions, and cerumen. The second line of defense consists of leucocytes.

Advantages Of Internal Combustion Engines Engineering Essay

Advantages Of Internal Combustion Engines Engineering Essay The most widely used heat engine is the internal combustion engine. The advantages that it has over gas turbines have seen its widespread usage in passenger car applications. [1] All the components of internal combustion engines work at an average temperature which is below the maximum temperature of the working fluid in the working cycle. This is because the high temperature of the working fluid in the cycle persists only for a very small fraction of the cycle time. As a result, fluids with high working temperatures can be used to increase thermal efficiency at moderate maximum working pressures. Weight to power ratio is less than that of steam turbine and gas turbines. It is therefore possible to develop reciprocating IC engines of very small power output with reasonable thermal efficiency and cost. Higher brake thermal efficiency can be obtained as only a small fraction of heat energy of the fuel is dissipated to the cooling system. Initial cost is low. Materials used in the manufacture of gas turbines must be strong and heat resistant in order to sustain the heat generated. Machining operations required for gas turbines construction are also more complex. Reciprocating IC engines are more efficient at idle speeds than gas turbines in terms of fuel consumption at idling. Gas turbines have delayed responses to different power requirements changes. Gas turbines must be removed for overhaul and servicing, which is usually not the case in internal combustion engines. Gas turbines require more air than IC engines for its normal operation. It also consumes more fuel whenever the load fluctuates, which is common in the domestic usage. All these explain why passenger cars do not use gas turbine engines, but use internal combustion engines instead. Question 2 Define the following parameters and give typical values for spark-ignition and compression ignition IC engines: Specific fuel consumption, Specific fuel consumption (SFC) is the fuel flow rate per unit power output []. It measures how efficiency of an engine in using the fuel to produce useful work. The equation for the specific fuel consumption is: Where: Ke= specific fuel consumption K: Fuel Consumption, kg/s Pe=Useful work per cycle, i = 0.5 for 4ÃŽ, 1 for 2ÃŽ ne=real efficiency HÃŽÂ ± =Heat of Combustion = 42.000 KJ/Kg Low values of SFC are obviously desirable. For SI engines typical values of brake specific fuel consumption are about 270 g/kWh. Range (345 285 g/kWh) For CI engines, values are lower and in large engines can go below 200 g/kWh. Range (285 190 g/kWh) [2] Mean effective pressure, Relative engine performance measure is obtained by dividing the work per cycle by the cylinder volume displaced per cycle. The parameter so obtained has units of force per unit area and is called the mean effective pressure (mep). Where: W=Indicated Work: Vh=Piston Displacement (cylinder) Volume (cc, cm3, lt) H=Length TDC Length BDC For, Naturally aspirated spark ignition engines, maximum values are in the range 850 to 1050 kPa at the engine speed where maximum torque is obtained (about 3000 rev/min). Turbocharged automotive spark-ignition engines the maximum bmep is in the 1250 to 1700 kPa range. Naturally aspirated four-stroke diesels, the maximum bmep is in the 700 to 900 kPa range Turbocharged four-stroke diesel maximum bmep values are typically in the range 1000 to 1200 kPa Turbocharged aftercooled engines this can rise to 1400 kPa Two-stroke cycle diesels have comparable performance to four-stroke cycle engines. Large low-speed two-stroke cycle engines can achieve bmep values of about 1600 kPa. [2] Power-torque relation as function of engine rpm, Engine torque is measured using a dynamometer. The engine is clamped and the output shaft is connected to the dynamometer rotor. The rotor is coupled electromagnetically, hydraulically, or by mechanical friction to a stator, which is supported in low friction bearings. The stator is balanced keeping the rotor stationary. The torque exerted on the stator with the rotor turning is measured by balancing the stator with weights, springs, or pneumatic means. Fig.1 Brake dynamometer- engine torque test [2] Torque is a measure of an engines ability to do work; and power is the rate at which work is done. The value of engine power measured as described above is called brake power Pb. This power is the usable power delivered by the engine to the load-in this case, a brake. Fig.2 Engine power, torque vs. speed plot [3] Correlation between measured force and engine torque: Measured power: (1 PS = 0.736 kW) Conversion between different units may be necessary for power, torque, or angular speed. For example, if rotational speed (revolutions per time) is used in place of angular speed (radians per time), a factor of 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ radians per revolution have to be multiplied. Dividing on the left by 60 seconds per minute and by 1000 watts per kilowatt gives us the following. mbox{power (kW)} = frac{ mbox{torque (N}cdotmbox{m)} times 2 pi times mbox{rotational speed (rpm)}} {60,000} Volumetric efficiency Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the mass inside the engine cylinder to the mass of air of the displacement volume at atmospheric conditions. It measures the effectiveness of an engines induction process. Volumetric efficiency is used for four-stroke cycle engines which have a distinct induction process and not for two stroke engines. Where pai is the inlet air density Alternatively volumetric efficiency can also be defined as, Indicative values: 4ÃŽ-Otto: 0.7 0.9 2ÃŽ-Otto: 0.5 0.7 Typical maximum values of ÃŽÂ ·v for naturally aspirated engines are in the range 80 to 90 percent. The volumetric efficiency for diesels is somewhat higher than for SI engines. [2] Engine real efficiency as function of engine power, fuel consumption and fuel calorific value The real engine efficiency of an engine can be found out using the relation Where, ne=real efficiency nth= theoretical thermodynamic efficiency ng=quality coefficient (0.4-0.7 Otto; 0.6-0.8 Diesel) nm=mechanical efficiency (0.8) ni=actual efficiency (nth.ng=Pi/Q) K= fuel consumption Kg/s HÃŽÂ ± =Heat of Combustion = 42.000 KJ/Kg Question 3 Describe with simple terms the main air flow path developing inside the cylinder of IC engines relative to the piston motion; make a simple schematic to indicate them. Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) helps us to visualise the charge motion within the cylinder with the help of optically transparent research engines. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can help in validating the average flow field in the cylinder but the process is expensive. One such CFD software is KIVA-4v, which helps to predict the air charge motion. Swirl flow Swirl is defined as the micro mass rotational motion of charge within the cylinder. It is generated by constructing the intake system to give a tangential component to the intake flow as it enters the cylinder. This is done by shaping and contouring the intake manifold, valve ports, and sometimes even the piston face. Swirl enhances the mixing of air and fuel to give a homogeneous mixture in a short time in modern high-speed engines. It is also responsible for very rapid spreading of flame front during the combustion. Fig.3 Swirl flow in the engine cylinder [3] Swirl flow can be generated by changing the geometry of the inlet port Fig.4 Geometry of inlet port affecting swirl flow [3] (a) Deflector wall (b) directed (c) shallow ramp helical (d) steep ramp helical Similarly inlet valve approach geometry can also generate swirl flow by producing net in-cylinder angular momentum of the charge. Fig.5 Inlet valve geometry affecting swirl flow [2] Squish flow When the piston approaches TDC at the end of the compression stroke, the volume around the outer edges of the combustion chamber reduces drastically. New combustion chamber designs have the clearance volume near the centerline of the cylinder. As the piston approaches TDC, the gas mixture occupying the volume at the outer radius of the cylinder is forced radially inward as this outer volume is reduced to near zero. This radial inward motion of the gas mixture is called squish. It adds to other mass motions within the cylinder to mix the air and fuel, and quickly spreads the flame front. Maximum squish velocity usually occurs at about 10 °bTDC. During combustion, the expansion stroke begins and the volume of the combustion chamber increases. As the piston moves away from TDC, the burning gases are propelled radially outward to fill the now-increasing outer volume along the cylinder walls. This reverse squish helps to spread the flame front during the latter part of combustion Piston motion influences squish as in the case of wedge shaped and bowl-in combustion chambers. Fig.6 Piston motion generating squish [2] (a) Wedge shaped SI combustion chamber (b) bowl-in-piston DI Diesel combustion chamber Tumble As the piston nears TDC, squish motion generates a secondary rotational flow called tumble. This rotation occurs about a circumferential axis near the outer edge of the piston bowl Fig.7Tumble- result of piston motion and squish [3] Turbulence Due to the high velocities involved, all flows into, out of, and within engine cylinders are turbulent flows. The exception to this is those flows in the corners and small crevices of the combustion chamber where the close proximity of the walls dampens out turbulence. As a result of turbulence, thermodynamic transfer rates within an engine are increased by an order of magnitude. Heat transfer, evaporation, mixing, and combustion rates all increase. As engine speed increases, flow rates increase, with a corresponding increase in swirl, squish, and turbulence. This increases the real-time rate of fuel evaporation, mixing of the fuel vapor and air, and combustion. Intake turbulent mixture flow Turbulence superimposed on mixture swirl Fig.8 Turbulence of the charge within cylinder [4] Question 4 The Figure below shows a conceptual model of a quasi-steady Diesel combustion plume, as presented by Dec et al in 1997. Indicate the following areas shown on this schematic: liquid fuel , rich vapour fuel-air mixture , fuel-rich premixed flame, initial soot formation , diffusion flame boundary , thermal NO production zone , soot oxidation zone , 25398f1.jpg Fig.9 Quasi-steady Diesel combustion plume [5] The above figure describes the formation and features of a quasi-steady diesel fuel jet. This model is applicable to large bore, quiescent chamber combustion or a free fuel jet without wall interactions. At the point of fuel injection, fuel penetrates into the combustion chamber and air which is at a high temperature due to end of compression stroke begins to mix with the spray. Fuel absorbs energy from the hot air and evaporates. This process continues until a point where no liquid fuel is present. The point at which this occurs is called the liquid length. This liquid length reduces after the start of combustion but thereafter remains constant until the end of injection. Beyond the liquid length, the rich premixed fuel and air are still heated by the surroundings until they start to react in the rich premixed zone. The products of rich combustion continue downstream and diffuse and mix radially outward until reaching the surrounding cylinder gases. At a location where the rich prod ucts and cylinder gases mix to produce a stoichiometric mixture, a diffusion flame is produced. The diffusion flame surrounds the jet in a thin turbulent sheet, which extends upstream towards the nozzle. The axial distance from the nozzle exit to the diffusion flame is the lift-off length. The lift-off length controls the amount of oxygen mixed into the fuel jet and therefore the stoichiometry. Soot is burned out and NOX is produced on the outside of the diffusion flame, where temperatures are high and oxygen and nitrogen are abundant. Question 5 What are the main requirements of the fuel injection system for a direct injection engine? In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced computer-controlled fuel injection systems, which has had much to do with the research and development activities related to Direct Injected engines being expanded. [6]The main requirements of the fuel injection system for a direct injection engine are: Well atomised fuel spray independent of chamber pressure conditions Injection during the compression stroke against pressures up to 20bar Injection during the intake stroke against atmospheric pressures with stoichiometric homogeneous mixture To have uniform distribution of fuel in a multi cylinder engine To improve breathing capacity of an engine i.e. volumetric efficiency To reduce or eliminate detonation To prevent fuel loss in the form of scavenging in the case of two stroke engines. For an efficient combustion of a stratified mixture, a stable and compact spray geometry is necessary Injection pressure has been determined to be very important for obtaining both effective spray atomization and the required level of spray penetration. Accurate fuel metering (generally a +2% band over the linear flow range); Desirable fuel mass distribution pattern for the application; Minimal spray skew for both sac and main sprays; Good spray axisymmetry over the operating range; Minimal drippage and zero fuel leakage, particularly for cold operation; Small sac volume; Good low-end linearity between the dynamic flow and the fuel pulse width; Small pulse-to-pulse variation in fuel quantity and spray characteristics; Minimal variation in the above parameters from unit to unit. Question 6 Describe the injection process requirements for direct injection Diesel engines and the evolution of the fuel injection equipment over the last few decades. The functional requirements of the fuel injection system are as follows Accurate fuel metering per engine working cycle Injection timing to ensure maximum power, good fuel economy and low emissions Obtain the desirable heat release pattern by control of injection rate Atomisation of the fuel Proper spray pattern to ensure better mixing of fuel and air Uniform distribution of fuel droplets in the combustion chamber Supply equal quantities of fuel to all cylinders, in the case of multi cylinder engines Eliminate dripping of fuel droplets into the combustion chamber by eliminating injection lag between start and end of injection Evolution of fuel injection equipment: In-line pump Fig.10 Layout of In-line fuel injection pump [7] Though in-line pumps are primitive injection systems, they are still in use among heavy duty marine engines. Individual fuel pumps fuel each of the injectors Engine operational speed has a major influence on the fuel injection pressures As a result, there is a hydraulic delay between the pressure increase and the start of injection Fuel flows through high pressure connecting pipes Fuel injection pressures range from 600 1200 bar Injector with discharging in the combustion chamber (the nozzle with one or more holes) Distributor type pumps These are still used in a number of engines Though it started as mechanically operated, now electronic control modifications have been made It has a mechanism which controls the spill valve responsible for cutting off the high pressure generated inside the pumping chamber, and thus, responsible for the termination of injection One pumping chamber delivers high pressure to all the injectors of the engine Pressure depends on engine speed, so a hydraulic delay exists between the pressure generation and start of injection Relatively low injection pressures (up to 1200bar) Fig.11 Distributor type pump (Lucas CAV) [7] Unit injectors Consists of the pump and the injector integrated into one body, which does not require a high pressure connection pipe High fuel pressure is generated close to the nozzle exit, which can be upto 2500 bar. These gave accurate control over injection Each cylinder has its own individual system High pressure developed depends of the engine rpm and the load. Fig.12 General Layout of Unit injector [7] [6]Delphi Diesel Systems electronic unit injectors (EUI fig13.) control the quantity and the timing of injection electronically through a solenoid actuator. The solenoid can respond very quickly (injection periods are of the order 1 ms), to control very high injection pressures (up to 1600 bar or so). The solenoid controls a spill valve, which in turn controls the injection process. The pumping element is operated directly from a camshaft (or indirectly via a rocker), and the whole assembly is contained within the cylinder head. Fig.13 Electronic Unit injector (Lucas EUI system) [7] [6]An alternative approach to the EUI is the Caterpillar Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector (HEUI, also supplied by other manufacturers). HEUI uses a hydraulic pressure intensifier system with a 7: 1 pressure ratio to generate the injection pressures. The hydraulic pressure is generated by pumping engine lubricant to a controllable high pressure. Similar to CR injection systems, there is control of the injection pressure. The HEUI uses a two-stage valve to control the oil pressure, and this is able to control the rate at which the fuel pressure rises, thereby controlling the rate of injection, because a lower injection rate can help control NOx emissions. Common Rail fuel injection systems One of the last improvements to the fuel injection system is the Common Rail System that was implemented first by the Fiat Company. Fig.14 Common rail fuel injection system [8] Common rail (CR) fuel injection systems decouple the pressure generation from the injection process and have become popular because of the possibilities offered by electronic control. The key elements of a CR fuel injection system are as follows: A (controllable) high-pressure pump The fuel rail with a pressure sensor Electronically controlled injectors An engine management system (EMS) The injector is an electro-hydraulic device, in which a control valve determines whether or not the injector needle lifts from its seat. The engine management system can divide the injection process into four phases: two pilot injections, main injection, and post-injection (for supplying a controlled quantity of hydrocarbons as a reducing agent for NOx catalysts). Common rail injection also enables a high output to be achieved at a comparatively low engine speed Fuel injectors Fig.15 Types of nozzles used in Diesel fuel injectors [1]

Dolls house

House by Henrik Ibsen is my favorite play that we read this semester. A main reason I liked this play was because of the writer himself. Ibsen is a realistic writer who took his problems from his day and brought it to life on stage. A Doll's House deals with where women stand in their marriage and society. Ibsen felt injustice to what society was doing around him. A Doll's House is about a Married couple named Nora and Torvald.Nora borrows a lot of money from a man named Krogstad , who happened to work for her husband. She did this because when her husband got sick e said that he needed to get out of the country to get better. Nora was only trying to do her best for her husband. She never told him of this loan and has been secretly paying it by saving from her household allowance. Her husband thinks her careless and childlike, and often calls her his doll.When he is appointed bank director, his first act is to relieve a man who was once disgraced for having forged his signature on a document. Krogstad, is the person Nora has borrowed her money. Nora forgot that she forged her father's signature in order to get the money. Krogstad threatens to reveal Nora's crime and tell her husband and everyone. Krogstand wants Nora to talk Torvald into keeping his Job. Nora tries to but Torvald thinks of Nora as a child who cannot understand the value of money or business.When Torvald discovers that Nora has forged her father's name, he is ready to disclaim his wife even though she had done it for him . Nora then tells Torvald she is leaving him and her children. This play was sort of mysterious and interesting. I liked it because it showed how society was a long time ago for women and showed that Nora realized to move on with life and become a independent person which is abnormal in this time period for a women.

Psychiatric Nursing: A Guide to DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial System Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The heart of the DSM-IV-TR system is the multiaxial format that uses five levels or areas to perform a thorough diagnosis. This system recognizes the complexity of diagnosis and the interrelatedness of many factors that are components of a mental disorder diagnosis. The multiaxial system generally takes into account psychological, physical, internal, external, developmental, and social factors. The five axes that make up the system are as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Axis I: Clinical Disorders – other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Axis II: Personality Disorders – Mental retardation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Axis III: General Medical Conditions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Axis I: Clinical Disorders and Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Axis I and Axis II are the key components of the multiaxial system and are used o record the 340 disorders in the classification system. The distinction between the two axes has a historical basis. Axis I is used to record what in the past were viewed as neuroses and psychoses, and Axis II is used to record what were referred to as character disorders. Neuroses were considered deficiencies and limitations that could impair, but not chronically alter, almost al areas of functioning and could be effectively relieved with intervention. Character disorders were viewed as long-standing defects ingrained in the developmental process of childhood that caused major, lifelong dysfunction in most aspects of life and were not generally amenable to treatment. This is most likely why payers consistently reimburse clinicians for Axis I disorders and not Axis II disorders, since Axis I disorders can be changed through intervention, whereas Axis II disorders are unalterable, and paying for treatment of intractable disorders is an inefficient use of funds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the existing system, Axis I is used to trace clinical disorders in the foremost section of DSM-IV-TR, in addition to other situations that may be a focus of clinical awareness. Axis II is used for reporting personality disorders and mental retardation. A separate axis is included for personality disorders and mental retardation to ensure that they are not overlooked, since Axis I disorders are more evident during an assessment. Axis II can also be utilized to record maladaptive character features and protection methods. Personality features and defense mechanisms are recorded without codes. Axis III: General Medical Conditions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Axis III is used to record coexisting physical disorders that may be associated with a mental disorder or may be independent of the mental disorder but related to its treatment. These conditions are classified outside the â€Å"Mental Disorders†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Universal medical circumstances can be related to mental disorders in a diversity of traditions. Sometimes, it is obvious that the broad medical situation is frankly etiological to the expansion or deterioration of mental indications and that the method for this outcome is physiological. In cases of a mental illness that is diagnosed to be an outright physiological outcome of the overall medical circumstance, a Mental Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition must be identified on Axis I and the overall medical state must be documented on both Axis I and Axis III.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such situations in which the etiological correlation involving the universal medical state and the mental signs is inadequately comprehensible to demand an Axis I finding of Mental Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, the suitable mental illness should be recorded and coded on Axis I; the overall medical state must be only be coded on Axis III.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a case where a person has over one clinically pertinent Axis III finding, all must be documented. If no Axis III abnormality is there, this must be designated by the information â€Å"Axis III: None.† If an Axis III diagnosis is postponed, in the course of the gathering of supplementary information, this must be designated by the information â€Å"Axis III: Deferred.† Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Axis IV is for documenting psychosocial and environmental troubles that may have an effect on the judgment management, and prediction of mental disorders (Axes I and II). Any life events can trigger, worsen, or perpetuate mental disorders. Axis IV encourages clinicians to consider factors that may be critical in the overall management of the patient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Typically, the stressors are restricted to those that have occurred in the past year. However, long-standing, chronic, or severe problems that occurred many years in the past that still have an enduring influence are also recorded. Psychosocial and environmental problems that become the primary focus of clinical attention (usually in the absence of another psychiatric diagnosis) are recorded on Axis I. Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Axis V allows you to judge how well your patient has been able to function at work, in social relations, and during leisure time. This assessment is doe by using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) to rate your patient’s level of functioning at the time of the evaluation, and you may also want to rate his or her highest level of functioning for at least a few months during the past year. The patient’s current level of functioning will generally reflect his or her need for treatment, and the highest level of functioning in the past year is likely to have some prognostic significance, because patients often return to their previous levels of functioning after an episode of illness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You will want to consult DSM-IV to determine how to evaluate your patients’ situations with respect to psychosocial stressors (Axis IV) and global assessment of functioning (Axis V). In many health care facilities, the use of Axis IV and Axis V is optional. References: McDonald, J. J., & Kulick, F. B. (2002). Mental and Emotional Injuries in Employment Litigation (2nd ed.). Washington DC: BNA Books. Munson, C. E. (2001). The Mental Health Diagnostic Desk Reference: Visual Guides and More for Learning to Use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) (2nd ed.). New York: Haworth Press.   

The Louisiana Science Education Act Essay - 1728 Words

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